"protecting the soil organic matter with no tillage and using maximum opportunity with cover crops, the soil is fertile, and enables high yields with high nitrogen use efficiency"
"After years of protecting and capturing organic matter from crop residue, cover crops, manures and compost, Jake's soils are high in organic matter. As a result, they are full of biological life, maintaining an open structure and high fertility, even with no tillage."
News & Resources
OpenTEAM is a farmer-driven community advancing agriculture’s ability to become a solution to climate change through a more sustainable agricultural technology ecosystem. It also serves as a platform for dialogue. OpenTeam has establishe...
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At the Cool Farm Alliance, we are proud to welcome new members to our community that aims at driving more informed on-farm decisions that reduce the environmental impact of agriculture around the globe. Learn more about our new members t...
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Just over a decade ago, a group of multi-national food companies and NGOs (the “founding partners”) set out to put the findings from the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), published in 2006, to the test. What is the c...
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Building a Community that Regenerates Agriculture 18th-19th May 2022 / 12:00 – 16:15 British Summer Time (BST) Online Event We are delighted to invite you to Cool Farm Alliance’s 2022 Annual Meeting. Themed “Building a Communit...
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The Cool Farm Alliance (CFA) is a not-for-profit member organisation that owns and operates the Cool Farm Tool (CFT), which is used to measure on-farm environmental sustainability. Usage of the CFT and membership of the CFA has grown rap...
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Call for Interest – Join Our New Project Working Group for the Cool Farm Tool Biodiversity Module Sustainability consultancy 3Keel are supporting the Cool Farm Alliance to build on the momentum behind the Cool Farm Tool’s existing ...
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At the Cool Farm Alliance, we are proud to welcome new members to our community that aims at driving more informed on-farm decisions that reduce the environmental impact of agriculture around the globe. Learn more about our new members t...
20Pioneering methodology for quantifying carbon sequestration in perennial cropping systems
February 14, 2022Blogs, Case Studies, Research
The Cool Farm Alliance co-created with sustainability consulting group Quantis, soil scientists and industry organisations a new methodology framework for carbon sequestration in perennial cropping systems. This new approach to removals ...
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London, UK – Wednesday, 2 February, 2022 The updated version 1.0 of the Cool Farm Tool is live! We are thrilled to celebrate this milestone as it provides best-in-class environmental calculations metrics that helps our users and members ...
00Cool Farm Tool: Updates to the 2019 IPCC Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories
January 12, 2022Blogs, News
In February 2022, a new release of the Cool Farm Tool will feature a set of methodological updates and refinements, many of which will be based on the IPCC’s 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inven...
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In a recent publication, lead developer of the Cool Farm Biodiversity metric, professor Lynn Dicks from Cambridge University, worked together with co-authors Catriona MacLeod, Angela Brandt and Kevin Collins to set biodiversity prioritie...
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During member testing of the science updates and fixes to calculation issues that are to be implemented in the updated Cool Farm Tool Version 1.0, a few key findings were made that are highly relevant to the understanding of the use and ...
00Farmer Interviews: The Cool Farm Tool as an Enabler of Regenerative Agriculture
December 21, 2021Blogs, Case Studies
The Cool Farm Tool (CFT) is a decision support and engagement tool that enables farmers and supply chain actors since 2010 to benchmark and assess their greenhouse gas emissions and the environmental impacts of their agricultural activit...
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If you are still looking for the perfect Christmas gift, here are some last-minute ideas that may help you with your search. In the spirit of the upcoming holidays, we asked the Cool Farm Alliance Executive Team for book recommendations....
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Atria, one of the leading meat and food companies in Northern Europe. In November 2021, the company has started to disclose the carbon footprint of its pork products on its consumer packaging, following the carbon footprint label on chic...
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November has been an exciting month for the Cool Farm Alliance that welcomes seven organisations to its community, ranging from consultancies, NGOs, trading companies, input producers and service providers. Learn more about their plans a...
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Image: Karwai Tang/ UK Government On Saturday, the UNFCCC’s 26th Conference of Parties (COP 26) ended in Glasgow. It marked the sixth anniversary of the Paris Agreement, in which nations committed “to limit global warming to well bel...
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Our membership keeps growing and we are happy to welcome a diverse and international set of small- and large scale organisations to our Alliance. Learn more about their plans and ambitions for the CFA. +++ Farmforce At Farmforce, food’...
00Chatham House Climate Risk Assessment sends stark warning to global leaders in Glasgow
November 3, 2021NewsAs global leaders gather in Glasgow for annual conference of parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Chatham House publishes its Climate change risk assessment 2021. The assessment’s message could not be more alarming...
01Learnings from the COOL SOIL INITIATIVE: Using the Cool Farm Tool to Drive Transformation at Scale in Soil Health and Farmer Resilience
October 27, 2021Blogs, Case Studies
The Cool Soil Initiative is a $2.5 million partnership led by Mars Petcare, Kellogg Australia, Manildra Group, Allied Pinnacle, Charles Sturt University, Food Agility CRC, Sustainable Food Lab, and AgriSci that is working with grain gr...
00CFA Members Unilever, Nestle and Danone are Leading Efforts to Transform the Global Food System
October 21, 2021News
The World Benchmarking Alliance’s first-ever Food and Agriculture Benchmark published in September 2021 measured and ranked 350 of the world’s most influential food and agriculture companies on their contributions to transforming our...
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One year into the “decade of action,” the Cool Farm Alliance is at an inflection point. As the world wakes up to our collective responsibility to deliver a net-zero emissions world, food and agriculture companies are leaning in wit...
00‘Nature Positive’ – buzz word or new hope for biodiversity restoration and sustainable food systems?
September 8, 2021Blogs, Events
In the coming months, the world will watch as leaders come together to further discuss and define the future of climate and nature on Earth. While more and more organisations and leaders have started to use the term ‘Nature Positive’...
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Our membership keeps growing. We are so proud to welcome this great range of new organisations to our Alliance. Learn more about their plans and ambitions for the future. Caravela Limited Climate change is one of the main challenges that...
00Interview: using geoFootprint to tackle challenges in the transition to sustainable agriculture
August 30, 2021Blogs
Quantis’ Xavier Bengoa and Cool Farm Alliance’s Simon Miller discuss why the two organizations joined forces to develop geoFootprint, the challenges it tackles in the agri-food sector and what the future holds for the collaboration. ...
00Cool Farm is hiring – Science & Methods Manager + Administration & Finance Coordinator
August 4, 2021Employment Opportunities, NewsAs the world wakes up to our collective responsibility to deliver a net-zero emissions world, food and agriculture companies are leaning in with supply chain programs that depend on being able to quantify agricultural greenhouse gas emis...
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Our membership keeps growing. We are very excited to welcome the diverse range of organisations that joined our community in June and July 2021. Find out more in the following post about their plans within the Cool Farm Alliance. Agrimet...
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Farmers are on the front line of climate change. For millions of farming communities worldwide, the impacts of changing weather patterns are a daily reality. Their crops are directly threatened by such developments and therefore putting ...
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Click here to go to the CHANGE LOG at the end for updates made to this page. Background The Cool Farm Tool first existed as a spreadsheet providing many of the GHG emission calculations that are present in the online tool today. Since ...
00Giulia Stellari from Unilever Appointed as New Chair of the CFA Executive Committee
July 6, 2021Blogs, News
After the resignation of Jan-Kees Vis who has played a leading role in our Alliance, we are pleased to announce the appointment of Giulia Stellari, Director, Sustainable Sourcing, Digital and Carbon Solutions at Unilever, as the new Chai...
00regenagri and Cool Farm Alliance collaborate to drive progress and monetisation of regenerative agriculture
June 30, 2021Events, News
Global regenerative agriculture initiative, regenagri® has launched a new version of its digital hub, regenagri 2.0. The new version of the digital hub includes the capability to manage large groups of farms and offers new functionality...
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Mike Abram presents in one of his newest Farmers Weekly articles an insightful overview of six companies offering carbon-based payments to arable farmers: Nori Indigo Ag Bayer Soil Capital Soil Heroes and Gentle Farming. Abram also draws...
00EcoWinery: Using the Cool Farm Tool for Product Environmental footprints (PEF) in vineyards
June 28, 2021Case Studies, Research
In this second newsletter bulletin of the EcoWinery Project, you receive a quick overview of the project around the determination of PEF parameters in Cypriot grape production, carried out by the Cyprus University of Technology in...
00Leverage points to scale regenerative agriculture and GHG emission reductions
June 24, 2021Blogs, Case Studies
At the 2021 Cool Farm Alliance Annual General Meeting, Hal Hamilton, Co-Founder at the Sustainable Food Lab, moderated a thought-provoking session on “Enabling change – leverage points to scale regenerative agriculture and GHG emissi...
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In order to support farmers and supply chain actors in their use of the Cool Farm Tool and their actions towards a more resilient, carbon-smart agriculture, we have developed a free E-Learning course with updated video tutorials and user...
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After a large increase in membership in the first months of this year which brought our membership to over 100 organisations (read our article on celebrating our 100th member), we welcome the diverse range of organisations that joined ou...
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Recording Members Day 28 April Open Day 29 April Session Descriptions Speakers Biographies The Cool Farm Alliance Annual Meeting 2021 “Agriculture Fit for our Future – Solutions in Action” from 28. – 29. April 2021 with more than 300 att...
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In March 2021, the Cool Farm Alliance took its membership to over 100 members and partners for the first time in its history. This was an exciting milestone for the Alliance and a great opportunity to look back on how it was formed just ...
11Cool Farm Tool Co-Creator Prof. Pete Smith listed as one of the World’s Top Climate Scientists
April 25, 2021News
The Canada-based international new agency Thomson Reuters has created a system to identify and rank the world’s top climate scientists that have the biggest impact on the climate-change debate. The results of this exercise is a hot lis...
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We are excited to welcome a diverse range of new members this year. Read more on the organisations that joined our community in March 2021 and their plans within the Cool Farm Alliance. ADM Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) is a global leader...
01How Coop Coffees is Tackling Soil Carbon & Climate Justice Together
April 5, 2021Case Studies, Events
Have a look at Climate Collaborative’s webinar featuring Monika Firl, Director of Sustainability at Coop Coffees, and Daniella Malin, Cool Farm Alliance Deputy General Manager and Senior Program Director of Agriculture & Climate at the S...
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In our recent blog on ‘Regenerative Agriculture and Climate Change,’ we explored the prospects of regenerative agriculture in combating climate change. Its benefits are continuously evolving and still core to controversial scientific...
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Share your needs and priorities with us and get 10 free assessments in the Cool Farm Tool Deutsche Version siehe unten — We, the Cool Farm Alliance Team, are keen to better understand the needs and priorities of our users. We have prep...
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We are delighted to welcome our new members that have joined the Cool Farm Alliance in January and February 2021 and look forward to strengthening and developing our Alliance together. Ahold Delhaize Ahold Delhaize is very much committed...
00For many of us, 2020 was the year of COVID-19. But what did it mean for climate change?
February 2, 2021Blogs
Throughout 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic trumped the news and tied much of our collective and individual attention. People worldwide lost income, livelihoods or loved ones. And most of us lost a fundamental sense of certainty as we stomach...
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Kellogg’s, a Cool Farm Alliance member for many years, has used the Cool Farm Tool to simulate the effect of different changes in management practices and their potential to reduce carbon emissions from agricultural production. In a rece...
01geoFootprint: satellite imagery and environmental footprinting metrics meet on a world map
January 26, 2021News
Seville, Spain – 26.01.2021 Today, sustainability consulting group Quantis launches geoFootprint, a cutting-edge technology for accelerating sustainable agriculture built in collaboration with the Cool Farm Alliance and several corporate...
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The term “regenerative agriculture” is gaining prominence in climate-related conversations. It dates back to the 1980s when Robert Rodale coined the term, “regenerative organic agriculture” as way to express that organic should ...
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We are delighted to welcome our new members that have joined the Cool Farm Alliance in October and November 2020 and look forward to strengthening and developing our Alliance together. Agxiata Agxiata provides integrated AI-ML enabled so...
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Regenagri is a regenerative agriculture initiative launched in 2020 with the goal to secure the health of agricultural land and the wealth of those who live on it. Via its Digital Hub and continuous improvement framework, regenagri suppo...
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Determining the greenhouse gas, or carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) emissions from a farming scenario can have differing approaches and results, depending on the intended application of the information. From a grower perspective, motive...
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The importance of reliable data to help monitor and report outcomes and impacts has become a key topic in the field of voluntary sustainability standards in the recent years. Traditionally, impact studies have been designed to demonstrat...
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This report offers exciting insights into the impacts of Cool Farm Tool use on the global challenge of climate change and how the CFT has helped members to drive their sustainability programmes. Don’t miss this whirl-wind tour of...
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A project run in partnership between Quantis, the Cool Farm Alliance and Control Union. We are thrilled to announce the official kick-off of the Perennials project which aims to fill the gap in carbon accounting methods by developing an...
10The EU Green Week 2020 – An important opportunity to rethink our relationship with nature
October 19, 2020Blogs, Events
From 19-22 October, the 2020 EU Green Week will bring political leaders, environmental organisations and many other stakeholders together to discuss the important relationship between nature and biodiversity. The event will highlight the...
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We are delighted to see the Cool Farm Alliance growing and welcome our new members that have joined in September 2020. Commoditrader Commoditrader provides farmers and traders with a digital platform for direct trading of grains. In orde...
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Following the successful development of the Cool Farm Tool Biodiversity metric for farms in the Temperate Forest biome, the initiative is being expanded to cover Mediterranean and Semi-Arid as well as Tropical Forest biomes. These region...
00Breaking down science-based targets and how they can help set sustainability goals
September 28, 2020Blogs, Research
Ever since the publication of IPCC’s 2018 special report on Global Warming of 1.5 ºC , there should be little doubt that achieving a net-zero global economy by 2030 is essential to limit global warming to the 1.5 or 2 ºC targets of t...
00CFA member Soil Capital launches European carbon payment programme with CFT
September 25, 2020Blogs, Case Studies, News
Soil Capital, a firm of independent agronomists and financial professionals, has launched the first European carbon remuneration programme, for farmers by farmers. The programme, called Soil Capital Carbon, uses the Cool Farm Tool (CFT) ...
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The change of conventional agricultural production systems to a more regenerative approach is known to benefit the soil and the environment, and is gaining increasing interest from growers around the globe. Such regenerative practices, h...
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Mike Abram from Farmers Weekly presents an insightful review of three popular whole-farm calculators. A few farmers tested the overall scope and structure of the calculators, all of which cover arable and livestock enterprises and are ...
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Deputy General Manager at the Cool Farm Alliance (CFA), Daniella Malin was invited to this year’s Ag innovation showcase at the end of August, where Cargill Protein, software provider TrustBIX, and consultancy services Viresco Soluti...
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The paramount importance of healthy soils as a means to fight climate change is a key message in the UN landmark report published by Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) in 2019. The re...
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We are delighted to see the Cool Farm Alliance growing and welcome our new members that have joined in August 2020. Cayuga Marketing LLC Cayuga Marketing, LLC is a collective of 29 dairy farm owners located in the scenic Finger Lakes reg...
00We’re hiring! Product Manager – deadline for application 25 Sep 2020
August 26, 2020Employment Opportunities, News
We are writing to announce that after seven successful months, Claire Lewis will step down from her position as Development Operations Manager of the Cool Farm Alliance to enable her to spend more time in her new role as the mother of a ...
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AM FRESH Group AM FRESH Group is a fresh food business founded in 1931 in Murcia, Spain. Now a third-generation family owned company, AM FRESH is focused on leading innovation and varietal development through biotechnology, extensive agr...
00Carbon, Climate & Coffee – From Cool Farms to Environmental Service Premiums
June 30, 2020Case Studies
Industrial agricultural is a primary contributor to total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. With CO2 linked to soil erosion and loss of cover crops, nitrous oxide emissions linked to chemical fertilizers, and methane linked to unmanage...
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Don’t miss the chance to join this informative and interactive webinar, when CFA member Coopcoffees will present its pilot project implementing the Cool Farm Tool with coffee-farmer cooperative partners in Peru, Honduras and Guatemala. C...
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Tune in to our live broadcast of the 2020 Cool Farm Alliance Annual Meeting public session! Kicking off the Decade of Action This year, the CFA annual meeting will be a historic opportunity to channel this momentum into a concerted colle...
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It is with regret that we inform you of the cancellation of the Cool Farm Alliance annual conference on 1st & 2nd April 2020. The global spread of the Coronavirus and the containment measures being put in place by governments and organis...
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To build on our existing agricultural Greenhouse Gas (GHG), Water and Biodiversity reporting metrics, and thanks to the Sustainable Food Lab with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, we are delighted to announce that we have just lau...
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Mark Hillsdon reports in his article on Ethical Corporation how the idea of increasing the capacity of soil to absorb CO2 is gaining traction around the world, promoted by organisations including the Food and Land Use Coalition, the 4 pe...
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On Thursday 28th and Friday 29th March, the Cool Farm Alliance held the 2019 Annual Conference – it was the biggest to date, with 110 attendees over the two days. The conference provided an engaging opportunity for Alliance memb...
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March 28th & 29th 2019 Robinson College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 9AN Dear Guest, This year’s conference will be an opportunity to come together to learn the latest on the Alliance and the Cool Farm Tool, as well as e...
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The CFA is pleased to announce its participation in the new South Asian Nitrogen Hub. The UK Government announced in January its commitment to jointly fund this major international research programme to tackle the challenge that nitrogen...
00Measure the Chain: Tools for Assessing GHG Emissions in Agricultural Supply Chains
November 28, 2018News
Climate change poses a number of risks to food and agricultural companies that impact their corporate performance and long-term value creation. Land use change (LUC) from commodity crop and subsistence agriculture such as beef, soy, palm...
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The Cool Farm Alliance is pleased to announce the appointment of Richard Profit as the General Manager of the Alliance, with effect from 8th October. Richard comes from PepsiCo where he has worked for sixteen years in a variety of r...
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The Cool Farm Alliance is delighted to announce the live release of the updated Cool Farm Tool, CFT 0.2. The ‘look and feel’ of the user interface has been overhauled, with a fresh modern design and the creation of more space for e...
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Study finds significant reductions in GHG emissions among egg farmers Costco Wholesale used the Cool Farm Tool to engage its entire organic egg supply base in a program of continuous improvement in agricultural sustainability. The case s...
160University of Reading & EIT Climate-KIC launch first multilingual MOOC on climate-smart agriculture
September 12, 2018News
10 September, 2018 (London): EIT Climate-KIC’s CSA Booster’s first multilingual “Future of Farming: Exploring Climate Smart Agriculture” MOOC (massive open online course) starts 24 September in English, German, French and Chinese. The fr...
00A “Foodprints” Application of the Cool Farm Tool: Can Diets in India Be Healthy and Environmentally Friendly?
June 27, 2018Blogs, Case Studies
By Alan Dangour, MSc PhD RNutr, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Francesca Harris, MSc, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Benjamin Kayatz, MSc, University of Aberdeen; and Jon Hiller, PhD, University of Edinburgh W...
00General Manager Position Available – 15th June application deadline
May 21, 2018Employment Opportunities, News
After three years in post, Simon Miller has decided to step down from the General Manager position of the Alliance. Simon has done an excellent job, significantly growing the Alliance membership and enabling leaps forward in the developm...
00The Cool Farm Alliance invites you to our annual meeting, April 19th & 20th, 2018 at Robinson College, Cambridge, UK. This meeting is an opportunity to learn about the latest developments of the Cool Farm Tool, hear member case studies o...
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By Cool Farm Alliance member and Chief Technical Advisor for Anthesis, Craig Simmons Project Drawdown, a new book containing research assembled and edited by sustainability guru Paul Hawken, highlights the importance of food and agricult...
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Cool Farm Alliance momentum is growing, and we held our largest ever annual conference in March 2017, in Oxford UK. It was an opportunity to update the Alliance membership and guests on key developments during 2016 and to share ideas...
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Recording and slides from this event now available: Recording Slides Join the Cool Farm Alliance for a presentation on a new generic improved model to calculate the carbon balance and GHG emissions from all perennial crops, both food and...
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After the success of our 2016 annual meeting, we are returning to New College in Oxford, UK for the CFA Annual Meeting. Please check your diaries – the confirmed dates are 16th & 17th March, 2017. Each year, the Cool Farm Alliance membe...
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The more than 100 questions that came in during our 90 minute Cool Farm Tool online launch event this past September, give an indication of how widely Cool Farm Tool interest is spread across the globe, across crops and farm systems...
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By Yvette Faber, Solidaridad Science and technology will soon be integrated in the farms of the future. With the launch of the online Cool Farm Tool (Sept 29, 2016), farmers now have access to hard data that shows the effect of their far...
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We’re delighted with the success of our Cool Farm Tool online launch event, September 29, 2016. For those of you that missed it, please find here slides and recording.(You must download the recording to view it all, the link takes you ...
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We are hosting our online launch webinar at 1500 BST for the online launch of the Cool Farm Tool, and supporting resources. The 1.5h session will include: live demo of latest features for greenhouse gas measurement; introduction and demo...
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At the end of 2015, Danone announced a very ambitious objective: to become a Zero Net Carbon Company by 2050, covering full scopes including agriculture. The challenge is huge and it starts by getting robust and reliable methods and tool...
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The Cool Farm Tool has evolved to become THE global farm-level tool for measuring carbon. Our mandate now is to manage a rapid reduction of emissions. Measurement might turn out to have been the easy part. The Cool Farm Tool began modest...
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Having worked full time in sustainable development within the corporate sector for the past 15 years I have seen many changes, from a focus on energy, water, waste within the factory through to highly conceptual (and practical) ideas lik...
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Farmers think primarily in input and output, in costs, yield and margin. The current Cool Farm Tool (CFT) provides insight into greenhouse gases and biodiversity. To the farmer, neither has direct obvious impact on costs, yields or margi...
140
Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Kenyan Coffee Sector. This report presents an overview on the Sangana PPP (public, private partnership) aimed to develop a 4C Climate Code (an additional component to the already existing 4...
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The results of this CFT case study came out of a consultancy conducted by CIAT for Oxfam GB to examine the effects of climate change on smallholder farmers in Guatemala producing frozen vegetables for export. The CFT analysis was limited...
120
Smallholder Beans, Nicaragua: Cool Farming Options Pilot with Catholic Relief Services. This report details the use of the CFT with smallholder bean producers in Nicaragua involved in climate change and livelihood development projects wi...
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H.J. Heinz chose to focus on a key crop and a major growing region – California tomatoes – where they source from approximately 270,000 acres annually . The company’s goals were to provide a practical, user-friendly tool for growers,...
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This report details the use of the CFT at the smallholder level in Kenya on 25 coffee farms. Since the coffee is produced in agroforestry systems, the results show the added benefit of having shade trees present in the system. In additio...
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Unilever has embedded the Cool Farm Tool into their farmer and supplier sustainable agriculture self assessment platform. In the first year, suppliers are required to fill in the data for one ‘typical’ farm. Starting January 2013 the...
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Climate change mitigation in Mesoamerican coffee production. This research by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), quantifies the on-farm carbon stocks in different coffee production systems using the CFT, and evalua...
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Cool Farm Alliance’s Simon Miller will be speaking at two sessions during the GLOBALG.A.P Summit 2016, Amsterdam 27th – 28th September 2016. Simon will be a panellist in: ‘For a Climate Resilient Future: The role of GLOBALG.A.P. commun...
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The Canadian Pulse Grower’s Association investigated the use of the CFT to develop an on-farm carbon footprint of navy bean production in Canada. 34 farms were sampled. Pulse Canada’s goals were to produce an aggregate number but also to...
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Gold Standard The Cool Farm Tool is an online calculator that enables farmers to measure their greenhouse gas emissions, and understand mitigation options for agricultural production. Originally initiated by Unilever, the Cool Farm Allia...
120A comparison of carbon accounting tools for arable crops in the United Kingdom
September 10, 2016Research
See Report: DOWNLOAD HERE...
91A comparison of carbon accounting tools for arable crops in the United Kingdom
August 25, 2016ResearchA review was performed to compare 11 existing greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting tools produced in order to calculate emissions from arable crops, either for food or bioenergy production in the UK, and a multi-criteria-analysis was perform...
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WWF-India used the Cool Farm Tool to calculate GHG emissions from selected farm plots under traditional cultivation and Better Management Practices (BMP) cotton production systems. The results showed that traditional cultivation uses alm...
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